BIOTECHNOLOGIES
With the Biotechnologies term we intend the use, in a programmed way, of biological systems for properties and services production.
The biological systems can be constituted by entire organisms, single cells or their molecular components. In this definition are comprised ancient productive technologies (traditional biotechnologies) such as agriculture, the zootechnics and the microorganisms fermentative activities exploitation.

The advanced biotechnologies instead intend to modify the existing organisms in order to obtain some new ones that can be employed with more advantages.
The biotechnologies applications can be usefully employed in the drugs production, in the vegetables variety improvement and in the anti-pollution using some modified bacteria.

BIOMEDICAL FIELD APPLICATIONS
The biotechnologies seems to give best results in the biomedical field, especially it concerns the prevention, the diagnosis and the therapy.
The first Biotechnologic advantages for mankind have been new and surer vaccinate, more effective and less harmful drugs against metabolic dysfunctions to genetic base, treatments against several hepatitis forms, antitumor more effective drugs, immunity regulators in case of malfunctions, treatments that have improved the AIDS patients life expectations.

Moreover, thanks to the human genome mapping, are now available the new diagnostic tests and the fast versions of tests that before needed days of laboratory analysis, both for the human diseases screening and for the blood transfusions.
Before the biotechnology start in the pharmaceutical field the scientists identified molecules with curative effects, to be used in the experimentation phase, after many experimentation years.

With modern biotechnologies coming the researchers can take advantage of the several diseases comprehension and of the gene-banks in order to identify more quickly effective molecules for the cure: this increments the new and more effective drugs production.
The new drugs are more effective and precise because they base themselves on a greater organism acquaintance, moreover there are the potentialities for the genic therapy.

AGRICULTURAL FIELD APPLICATIONS
The agriculture has today a strongly technological base. The great food industries, by means of selection programs, produce more and more often products with specific characteristics for a higher commercial value.
The genetic engineering has revolutionizing all the agriculture fields by an extended range creation of new vegetables varieties. In the past traditional procedures were used, based on hybridizes between individuals in order to improve the agronomic features of the alimentary plants, but today they are more and more often helped by new techniques like the protoplast fusion, the micropropagation, the somatic embryogenesis and the Agrobacterium method.

Thanks to these methods, is now possible to introduce new and favourable features in any vegetable species "demolishing" the limits of the species barriers and the limits of the imprecision that characterizes the traditional crossbreed techniques.

With the characters controlled by single genes introduction in the vegetables it is possible to obtain an herbicide resistance improvement, an insects and microbics resistance improvement and an post-crop characteristics improvement.
The agriculture genetic engineering has the purpose of the gene transfer between species not interbreed, in order to create plants resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions (OGM).

ZOOTECHNICAL FIELD APPLICATIONS
The zootechnics consist of the breeding and the economic exploitation of the domestic animals. The animals breeding is one of the alimentary production main fields.
The development in this field is affected by the fodders quality, the hormones availability and demand, the herbicides, the antibiotics and vaccines, and the application of advance zootechnical practicals. Thanks to the biotechnologies, the techniques of selection, the molecular biology, the embryos manipulation and the genes transfer will be always most important.

ENVIRONMENTAL FIELD APPLICATIONS
Another important biotechnologies area, in rapid development, uses the microorganisms in order to degrade the polluting substances presents in the environment. In the polluted lands often there are microorganisms capable to attack chemistries substances toxic.
The input of specific microorganisms capable to degrade toxic compounds allows the contaminated environmental cleaning.